Clave I de la oclusión según los criterios de Andrews y los trastornos temporomandibulares / Key I of occlusion according to the Andrews criteria and temporomandibular disorders / Chave I da oclusão de acordo com os critérios de Andrews e distúrbios temporomandibulares

RESUMEN Introducción: El estudio de la oclusión y su papel en la etiología de los trastornos temporomandibulares ha sido un tema controvertido y de interés en el campo estomatológico. Objetivo: Determinar la relación entre la oclusión, según clave I de los criterios de Andrews y los trastornos temporomandibulares. Método: Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo, de corte transversal a estudiantes de la carrera de Estomatología en la Clínica Estomatológica Docente Provincial de la ciudad de Sancti-Spíritus, en el periodo comprendido de septiembre de 2018 a septiembre de 2019. El universo fue de 42, la muestra aleatoria simple fue conformada por 40 estudiantes, los que respondían a los criterios de inclusión. Las variables de estudio fueron: presencia de trastorno temporomandibular, relación de molares, de caninos y coincidencia de las líneas media. Se utilizaron métodos del nivel teórico, empírico, estadísticos y matemáticos. Resultados: El 52,5 % de los pacientes presentó trastornos temporomandibulares, de los cuales, la relación de molares era bilateral en el 80 %. Con respecto a la relación de caninos, todos los afectados presentaron relación de mesio, disto o combinación de ellas. La mayoría de los no afectados (89,5 %) tenía coincidencia de las líneas media. Conclusiones: Se constata que cualquier alteración en la oclusión dentaria según los criterios de Andrews tendrán consecuencias en el sistema estomatognático y, por tanto, en la aparición de los trastornos temporomandibulares.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The study of occlusion and its role in the etiology of temporomandibular disorders has been a controversial topic of interest in the stomatological field. Objective: To determine the relationship between occlusion, according to key I of the Andrews criteria, and temporomandibular disorders. Method: An observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study was carried out on students of dentistry at the Clínica Estomatológica Docente Provincial of the city of Sancti-Spíritus, in the period from September 2018 to September 2019. The population was of 42 students, the simple random sample consisted of 40 of them, those who responded to the inclusion criteria. The study variables were: presence of temporomandibular disorder, canines and molars ratio and coincidence of dental midlines. Methods of the theoretical, empirical, statistical and mathematical levels were used. Results: 52.5% of the patients presented temporomandibular disorders, of which the molar relationship was bilateral in 80%. Regarding the relationship of canines, all those affected presented a relationship of mesio, disto or a combination of them. Most of the unaffected (89.5%) had midline coincidence. Conclusions: It is found that any alteration in dental occlusion according to the Andrews criteria will have consequences on the stomatognathic system and, therefore, on the appearance of temporomandibular disorders.

RESUMO Introdução: O estudo da oclusão e seu papel na etiologia dos distúrbios temporomandibulares tem sido um tema controverso e de interesse no campo estomatológico. Objetivo: Determinar a relação entre oclusão, de acordo com a chave I dos critérios de Andrews, e distúrbios temporomandibulares. Método: Foi realizado um estudo observacional, descritivo e transversal com alunos da carreira de Estomatologia da Clínica Estomatológica Docente Provincial da cidade de Sancti Spíritus, no período de setembro de 2018 a setembro de 2019. O universo foi de 42, a amostra aleatória simples foi composta por 40 alunos, aqueles que responderam aos critérios de inclusão. As variáveis de estudo foram: presença de disfunção temporomandibular, relação de molares, caninos e coincidência das linhas médias. Foram utilizados métodos dos níveis teórico, empírico, estatístico e matemático. Resultados: 52,5% dos pacientes apresentavam disfunção temporomandibular, sendo a relação molar bilateral em 80%. Sobre a relação dos caninos, todos os afetados apresentaram relação de mesio, disto ou uma combinação dos dois. A maioria dos não afetados (89,5%) teve uma coincidência das linhas médias. Conclusões: Verifica-se que qualquer alteração da oclusão dentária de acordo com os critérios de Andrews terá consequências no sistema estomatognático e, portanto, no aparecimento dos distúrbios temporomandibulares.

Correlation between the cephalometric measurements and acoustic properties of /s/ sound in Turkish

Abstract Objectives To evaluate the acoustic properties of the /s/ sound in individuals with different occlusion types and to investigate relationships between these properties and cephalometric measurements. Methodology Sixty patients were divided into three groups based on malocclusion. Group 1 included 20 patients (mean age: 14.85±2.01 years) with Class I skeletal and dental relationships. Group 2 included 20 patients (mean age: 13.49±1.78 years) with Class II skeletal and dental relationships. Group 3 included 20 patients (mean age: 12.46±2.62 years) with Class III skeletal and dental relationships. Cephalometric tracings were obtained from cephalometric radiographs. All included patients were native speakers of Turkish. The /s/ sound was selected for center of gravity analysis. Correlations between cephalometric values and acoustic parameters were also investigated. Results The center of gravity of the /s/ sound had the lowest value in Group 2 (p<0.05). For the /s/ sound in Group 3, moderate positive correlations were found between center of gravity and Sella-Nasion to Gonion-Gnathion angle (p<0.05, r=0.444) Lower incisor to Nasion-B point (p<0.023, r=0.505), and Lower incisor to Nasion-B point angle (p<0.034; r=0.476). No correlation was found in other cephalometric measurements. Conclusions The /s/ sound was affected by malocclusion due to the changing place of articulation. Therefore, referral to an orthodontist for malocclusion treatment especially patients with class III in the early period is suggested for producing acoustically ideal sound.

Prevalencia de apiñamiento dental en la población costarricense que consulta los servicios de odontología de la CCSS, 2017 / Prevalence of dental crowding in the costarican population consulting the dental services of the CCSS, 2017

Resumen El objetivo del presente estudio es determinar la prevalencia del apiñamiento dental determinando el comportamiento y la prevalencia de esta anomalía en el ciclo de vida de las personas y el grupo dentario más afectado en la población que consulta los servicios de odontología de la CCSS. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo del 1 de enero al 30 de abril del 2017 en las áreas de salud del país donde se valoró la cantidad de pacientes sugeridos; para el examen clínico se usó como soporte la ficha de encuesta para la evaluación del estado de salud bucodental, elaborada con variables con base en las necesidades de esta investigación. Se recolecta una muestra de 104.691 datos de personas, en el que el muestreo estratificado por grupos de edad prefijados, es el siguiente: 9.652 niños de 0 a 5 años; 4.270 niños de 6 años; 10.477 niños de 7 a 9 años; 9.495 adolescentes de 10 a 12 años; 13.096 jóvenes de 13 a 19 años; 14.532 mujeres de 20 a 35 años; 7.586 mujeres de 36 a 45 años; 13.435 adultos de 20 a 45 años; 13.504 adultos de 46 a 59 años y 8.644 adultos mayores de 60 y más años, y esta información es procedente de las áreas de salud de las diferentes regiones del país. La prevalencia nacional del apiñamiento dental se estimó en 10% (0,0981 - 0,1018) IC95%, y la prevalencia de apiñamiento dental es menor del 1% en el grupo de 0-5 años, y empieza un aumento acelerado hasta 17% a la edad de 13-19 años, para luego disminuir hasta el 3% en el adulto mayor; que disminuye a partir del grupo de los 13 a 19, debido a que en estas edades comienza a incrementarse la pérdida de piezas dentales producto de la caries dental en que la prevalencia de pieza perdida dental de 5% en el grupo de 13 a 19 se incrementa hasta llegar al 75% en el adulto mayor y la pérdida de dientes por enfermedad periodontal de 0,08 en los adolescentes de 13 a 19 años para luego incrementarse paulatinamente hasta llegar al 18% en el adulto y luego aumentar abruptamente al 39% en el adulto mayor. El apiñamiento promueve dificultades para comer, hablar e incluso problemas bucodentales como consecuencia de la acumulación de placa, caries, enfermedad periodontal, disfunción de la articulación temporomandibular (ATM), además de repercutir en la estética del paciente, disminuyendo su autoestima, por lo que, realizar este tipo de investigaciones nos ayuda a conocer el impacto que tienen este tipo de patologías en la población y que por ser un problema de salud pública, es de especial interés para los tomadores de decisiones en salud, conocer a fondo dicha problemática.

Abstract The aim of this study is to estimate the prevalence of dental crowding, determining its behavior and presence of this anomaly through life, also the most affected population group that uses the dentistry services of CCSS. A descriptive study was made from January 1st through April 30, 2017, in different Costa Rican health services, the number of necessary patients was calculated; for the clinical exam a dental survey record chart was used to evaluate oral health conditions, this chart was specifically designed for the needs of this investigation A sample of 104.691 patients was documented, in which stratified sampling of previously selected age groups was designated as follows: 9.652 children from 0 to 5 years old; 4.270 children under 6 years, 10.477 children from 7 to 9 years old; 9.495 teenagers from 10 to 12 years old; 13.096 teenagers from 13 to 19 years of age; 14.532 women from 20 to 35 years old; 7.586 women from 36 to 45 years old; 13.435 adults from 20 to 45 years of age; 13.504 adults from 46 to 59 years old and 8.644 adults at age 60 or older, and this information proceeded from different regions of the country. The Crowding National Prevalence was estimated at 10% (0.0981 - 0.1018) IC95%, in the group from 0 to 5 years old crowding was lower than 1%, and started increasing quickly up to 17% at 13-19 years of age, after that it lowered down to 3% in the elderly group; crowding decreased in group 13 to 19 years old, possibly because at these ages tooth loss starts increasing due to dental cavities. Tooth loss at ages 13 to 19 had a prevalence of 5% and increased up to 75% in the elderly group. Tooth loss caused by periodontal disease in the age group 13 to 19 had a prevalence of 0.08 and gradually increased to 18% in adults and 39% in the elderly group. Crowding promotes difficulties for eating, speaking, increases oral problems as a consequence of biofilmbaccumulation, dental cavities, periodontal disease, TMD, as well as affecting the patient's esthetics lowering self-esteem, for these reasons this type of investigations helps to understand the impact of this pathology over the population, and since it is viewed as a public health issue, it is of special interest in the health program's decisión making process to comprehend such problematic.

Williams-Beuren Syndrome: What Orthodontists Need to Know / Síndrome de Williams-Beuren: Lo que los Ortodoncistas Deben Saber

ABSTRACT: Williams-Beuren syndrome is a rare disease with manifestations such as cardiovascular changes, distinct facial features, mental retardation, and learning disabilities. Oral manifestations are not commonly described and can often be misdiagnosed. This report describes the case of a male patient diagnosed with Williams-Beuren syndrome presenting classic clinical features that affect the face as a convex profile, with maxillary protrusion and mandibular retrusion, a discreetly acute nasolabial angle, passive labial sealing, and an open mandibular angle characteristic of Class II skeletal pattern. In addition, the patient has oral manifestations such as the absence of some dental elements, a Class II of Angle 1st division, dental cross bite, and atresic arches. The periodontal condition presents with generalized gingivitis. Knowledge about the possible manifestations of Williams-Beuren syndrome is important to improve the ability of orthodontists to better serve these patients.

RESUMEN: El síndrome de Williams-Beuren es una enfermedad rara con manifestaciones tales como cambios cardiovasculares, diversas características faciales, retraso mental y problemas de aprendizaje. Las manifestaciones orales no se describen comúnmente y con frecuencia se pueden diagnosticar erróneamente. Este informe describe el caso de un paciente masculino diagnosticado con síndrome de Williams-Beuren que presentaba características clínicas clásicas que afectaban la cara como un perfil convexo, con protrusión maxilar y retrusión mandibular, un ángulo nasolabial discretamente agudo, sellado labial pasivo y un ángulo mandibular abierto característico del patrón esquelético clase II. Además, el paciente presentaba manifestaciones orales tales como, ausencia de algunos elementos dentales, una clase II de Angle 1ª división, mordida dental cruzada y arcos acrílicos. La condición periodontal se presentaba con gingivitis generalizada. El conocimiento sobre las posibles manifestaciones del síndrome de Williams-Beuren es importante ya que mejora la capacidad de los ortodoncistas para atender mejor a estos pacientes.

"Maxillary lateral incisor partial anodontia sequence": a clinical entity with epigenetic origin

ABSTRACT The relationship between maxillary lateral incisor anodontia and the palatal displacement of unerupted maxillary canines cannot be considered as a multiple tooth abnormality with defined genetic etiology in order to be regarded as a "syndrome". Neither were the involved genes identified and located in the human genome, nor was it presumed on which chromosome the responsible gene would be located. The palatal maxillary canine displacement in cases of partial anodontia of the maxillary lateral incisor is potentially associated with environmental changes caused by its absence in its place of formation and eruption, which would characterize an epigenetic etiology. The lack of the maxillary lateral incisor in the canine region means removing one of the reference guides for the eruptive trajectory of the maxillary canine, which would therefore, not erupt and /or impact on the palate. Consequently, and in sequence, it would lead to malocclusion, maxillary atresia, transposition, prolonged retention of the deciduous canine and resorption in the neighboring teeth. Thus, we can say that we are dealing with a set of anomalies and multiple sequential changes known as sequential development anomalies or, simply, sequence. Once the epigenetics and sequential condition is accepted for this clinical picture, it could be called "Maxillary Lateral Incisor Partial Anodontia Sequence."

RESUMO A relação entre a anodontia parcial do incisivo lateral e o deslocamento palatino do canino superior não irrompido não pode ser considerada uma anomalia dentária múltipla com etiopatogenia genética definida, a ponto de ser considerada como uma "síndrome". Os genes envolvidos sequer foram identificados e localizados no genoma humano, e nem mesmo presumiu-se em qual cromossomo se localizaria o gene responsável. O deslocamento palatino do canino superior em casos de anodontia parcial do incisivo lateral superior está potencialmente associado às mudanças ambientais provocadas pela sua ausência no local de formação e erupção, o que caracterizaria uma etiologia epigenética para essa associação. A falta do incisivo lateral superior na região canina implica em tirar um dos guias referenciais da trajetória eruptiva do canino superior, que ficaria, assim, não irrompido e/ou impactado no palato. Como consequência, e em sequência, promove-se uma má oclusão, atresia maxilar, transposição, retenção prolongada do canino decíduo e reabsorções nos dentes vizinhos. Dessa forma, pode-se afirmar que estamos frente a um conjunto de anomalias e alterações múltiplas sequenciais conhecido como anomalias de desenvolvimento sequencial ou, simplesmente, sequência. Uma vez aceita a condição epigenética e sequencial para esse quadro clínico, ele poderia ser chamado de "Sequência da Anodontia Parcial do Incisivo Lateral Superior".

Frequency of rhinitis and orofacial disorders in patients with dental malocclusion / Frequência de rinite e alterações orofaciais em pacientes com má oclusão dentária

Objective: To describe the frequency and etiology of rhinitis, oral breathing, types of malocclusion and orofacial disorders in patients treated for dental malocclusion. Methods: Patients with poor dental occlusion (n=89, 8-15 years) undergoing orthodontic treatment at the Postgraduate Orthodontics Center (São Paulo, Brazil) participated in the study. Rhinitis and oral breathing were diagnosed by anamnesis, clinical assessment and allergic etiology of rhinitis through immediate hypersensitivity skin prick test with airborne allergens. The association between types of breathing (oral or nasal), rhinitis and types of dental malocclusion, bruxism and cephalometric alterations (increased Y axis of facial growth) compared to standard cephalometric tracing (Escola de Odontologia da Universidade de São Paulo) were assessed. Results: The frequency of rhinitis in patients with dental malocclusion was 76.4% (68), and, of these, 81.7% were allergic (49/60 positive skin prick test), whereas the frequency of oral breathing was 62.9%. There was a significant association between an increased Y axis of facial growth and oral breathing (p<0.001), as well as between oral breathing and rhinitis (p=0.009). There was no association between rhinitis and bruxism. Conclusions: The frequency of rhinitis in children with dental malocclusion is higher than that in the general population, which is approximately 30%. Patients with oral breathing have a tendency to a dolichofacial growth pattern (increased Y axis of facial growth). In patients with rhinitis, regardless of the presence of oral breathing, the dolichofacial growth tendency was not observed.

Objetivo: Descrever a frequência e etiologia da rinite, da respiração oral, os tipos de má oclusão e as alterações orofaciais em pacientes tratados por má oclusão dentária. Métodos: Pacientes com má oclusão dentária (n=89, oito a 15 anos) em tratamento ortodôntico em centro de pós-graduação em ortodontia (São Paulo, Brasil) participaram do estudo. Rinite e respiração oral foram diagnosticadas por anamnese e exame clínico e a etiologia alérgica dessa por teste cutâneo de hipersensibilidade imediata (TCHI) com aeroalérgenos. Avaliou-se a relação entre tipos de respiração (oral ou nasal), rinite e tipos de má oclusão dentária, bruxismo e alterações cefalométricas (aumento do eixo Y de crescimento facial) em comparação com o traçado cefalométrico padrão (Escola de Odontologia da Universidade de São Paulo). Resultados: A frequência de rinite nos pacientes com má oclusão dentária foi de 76,4% (68), desses 81,7% eram alérgicos (49/60 TCHI positivo) e a frequência de respiração oral foi de 62,9%. Houve associação significativa entre ter o eixo Y de crescimento facial aumentado e respiração oral (p<0,001), o mesmo entre respiração oral e rinite (p=0,009). Não houve associação entre rinite e bruxismo. Conclusões: A frequência de rinite em crianças com má oclusão dentária é superior à da população geral, que gira ao redor de 30%. Os pacientes com respiração oral têm tendência de crescimento dólico facial (eixo Y de crescimento aumentado). Nos pacientes com rinite, independentemente da presença da respiração oral, a tendência dólico facial não foi observada.

O impacto psicossocial da estética facial em crianças e adolescentes e apossibilidade de intervenções precoces: relato de dois casos clínicos / The psychosocial impact of facial aesthetics in children and adolescents and the possibility of early intervention: report of two clinical cases

Desarmonias do complexo craniofacial têm um profundo impacto na saúde psicossocial de crianças e adolescentes. Alterações de comportamento podem ser observadas em 24,7% dos indivíduos portadores dessas desarmonias. Aqui são discutidos os fatores envolvidos e relatados dois casos de duas crianças: uma portadora de severa classe II de Angle em dentição mista, e a outra portadora de severa classe III em dentição temporária. O restabelecimento da harmonia facial gerou alterações significativas no comportamento.

Disharmonies of the craniofacial complex have a profound impact on the psychosocial health of children and adolescents. Psichological changes can be observed in 24.7% of patients presenting these alterations. Here we discussed the factors involved reporting two cases of two children: One patient with severe Angle class II in mixed dentition and the other showing severe class III in temporary dentition. The reestablishment of facial harmony generated significant changes in psychosocial behavior.

Intra- and interobserver agreement in the diagnosis of malocclusion in sleep-disordered breathing / Concordancia intra e inter observadores no diagnostico da ma oclusao dentaria nos disturbios respiratorios do sono

Sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) is often related to malocclusion, and dentists should be able to recognize occlusal changes that may be associated with the development, onset, or persistence of SDB. Although clinical examination is routinely used by specialists in orthodontics and functional jaw orthopedics, differences in diagnosis are very common. Method : Two observers, both dentists specializing in functional jaw orthopedics, examined 56 children aged 7 to 9 years. Intra- and interobserver agreement in identification of functional orthopedic and orthodontic conditions were assessed. Results : Intraobserver agreement was strong for all variables. Interobserver agreement was also strong, except for the variable overbite, which showed good agreement. Conclusion : Diagnostic criteria provide an opportunity for dentists to recognize dental malocclusions that may be associated with sleep-disordered breathing. .

Os distúrbios respiratórios do sono podem estar relacionados com problemas de má oclusão. O cirurgião dentista deve estar apto a reconhecer as alterações oclusais que possam estar associados com o desenvolvimento, instalação ou manutenção dos distúrbios respiratórios do sono. Apesar do exame clínico ser rotineiramente utilizado pelos especialistas em ortodontia e ortopedia funcional dos maxilares, a divergência no diagnóstico é muito frequente. Método : Dois observadores, cirurgiões dentistas, ortopedistas funcionais dos maxilares, examinaram 56 crianças entre 7 e 9 anos de idade para verificar a concordância intra e inter observador na identificação de problemas ortodônticos e ortopédicos funcionais. Resultados : A concordância intraobservador foi forte em todas as variáveis pesquisadas. A concordância interobservador também foi forte exceto na variável sobremordida que foi apresentou boa concordância. Conclusão : O estabelecimento de critérios diagnósticos explícitos dá oportunidade ao cirurgião dentista de reconhecimento das más oclusões dentárias potencialmente associadas aos distúrbios respiratórios do sono. .

Mínima invasión en la terapia de disfunciones oclusales / Minimal invasion in the therapy of occlusl disorders

La función en odontología ha sido la fuente de permanente discusión. Existe controversia y confusión en la comunidad académica y clínica, con consecuencias en los planes de tratamiento. En diversos pacientes, al no poseer armonía oclusal, ocurre destrucción dentaria significativa por la carga inadecuada y sus consecuencias en la Articulación Témporo Mandibular (ATM). A pesar de la falta de evidencia científica para tratamientos específicos, es importante la adquisición de habilidades generales, procedimientos precisos, reproducibles, fáciles y rápidos, y alcanzar profundo conocimiento/ destrezas para reducir fracasos innecesarios. La discusión en esta revisión se centra en un protocolo de diagnóstico basado en la toma de decisiones para lograr resultados predecibles de tratamiento. Una presunción significativa es evitar cambios de oclusión en procedimientos en personas sanas, y reconocer que los métodos irreversibles se indican solo ocasionalmente en pacientes con estas disfunciones. Respetando estos principios, la oclusión tomará su lugar biológicamente alineada y centrada en el paciente, en la ciencia odontológica moderna e innovadora.

Function in dentistry has been the source of permanent discussion. There is controversy and confusion in the academic and clinical community, with consequences in treatment plans. In different patients, not having occlusal harmony, occur significant tooth destruction due to improper loading and its consequences in the temporo mandibular articulation. Despite the lack of scientific evidence for specific treatments, it is important to the acquisition of general skills, accurate, reproducible, easy and quick procedures, and reaches deep knowledge / skills to reduce unnecessary failures. The discussion in this review focuses on a diagnostic protocol based on decision-making to achieve predictable results of treatment. A significant assumption is to avoid changes of occlusion procedures in healthy people, and recognize that irreversible methods are only occasionally indicated in patients with these disorders. Respecting these principles, the occlusion will take his place biologically aligned and centered on the patient, in the modern and innovative dental science.

Frequency, causes and effects of temporomandibular pain dysfunction syndrome among patients seen at Nishtar institute of dentistry, Multan

Temporomandibular joint pain dysfunction syndrome is the second most frequent cause of facial pain. The objective of this study was to find out most common etiological factor of TMD, its clinical symptoms, and distribution among gender. Etiology was multifactorial. All patients [100%] with TMD were having malocclusion and stress [100%]. Third most common factor was increased pain threshold [37%]. Out of 160 patients 82 [51%] were females and 78[48%] were males. Most patients were between 20-30 years of age group 51/160 [31.8%]. Most common presenting symptom was pain followed by clicking sounds in joint and then limited mouth opening. All these symptoms were more common in females

Auditory characteristics of individuals with temporomandibular dysfunctions and dentofacial deformities

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether there is any relationship between otological as well as vestibular symptoms, audiological findings and type of temporomandibular disorder (articular, muscular and mixed); and to check the distribution of the temporomandibular disorders (TMD) dysfunction degree in the research population. METHODS: A retrospective study involving 30 patients of both sexes, aged between 18 and 49 years old, diagnosed with TMD and dentofacial deformities, who were subject to clinical evaluation (muscle palpation, auscultation of temporomandibular joint during mandibular motion and measurement of jaw movement), audiological testing (pure tone audiometry and immittance testing) and two questionnaires, one on otological and vestibular symptoms and the other on TMD anamnesis. Based on both the anamnesis questionnaire and the clinical assessment, the subjects were divided according to the type and degree of TMD dysfunction (mild, moderate and severe), and compared regarding the occurrence of auditory signs and symptoms, vestibular symptoms and audiological findings according to TMD type. RESULTS: The anamnesis questionnaire demonstrated higher prevalence (83.33%) of severe TMD. Subjects with mixed TMD had more complaints about hypoacusis than those with muscular TMD (p < 0.05). The results showed no change in either audiological and immittance testing for all assessed individuals. CONCLUSION: Otological symptoms are present in subjects with TMD and dentofacial deformities, regardless of the classification of TMD (articular, muscular or mixed). Those with mixed TMD may have higher incidence of complaints about hypoacusis than subjects with muscular TMD. Further studies are needed to investigate the relationship between otological symptoms and the different types of TMD.

OBJETIVO: investigar se há relação entre os sintomas otológicos, vestibulares, achados audiológicos e o tipo de disfunção temporomandibular (articular, muscular e misto), e verificar a distribuição do grau de disfunção da DTM nessa população. MÉTODOS: estudo retrospectivo, envolvendo 30 pacientes com deformidades dentofaciais diagnosticados com DTM, de ambos os sexos, entre 18 e 49 anos de idade, submetidos a avaliação clínica (palpação muscular, ausculta da articulação temporomandibular durante os movimentos mandibulares e mensuração da movimentação da mandíbula), exame audiológico (audiometria tonal limiar e imitanciometria) e a dois questionários, sendo um sobre sintomas otológicos e vestibulares e outro anamnético da DTM. A partir do questionário anamnético e da avaliação clínica, os sujeitos foram divididos conforme o tipo e o grau da disfunção da DTM (leve, moderado e severo), e comparados quanto à ocorrência dos sinais e sintomas auditivos, vestibulares e achados audiológicos, de acordo com o tipo de DTM. RESULTADOS: houve maior prevalência (83,33%) de DTM severa de acordo com questionário anamnético. Sujeitos com DTM mista apresentaram mais queixas de hipoacusia do que aqueles com DTM muscular (p < 0,05). Os resultados evidenciaram ausência de alterações nos exames audiológico e imitanciométrico para todos os indivíduos avaliados. CONCLUSÃO: sintomas auditivos estão presentes nos sujeitos com DTM e deformidades dentofaciais, independentemente da classificação da DTM (articular, muscular ou mista), e aqueles com DTM mista podem apresentar maior ocorrência de queixa de hipoacusia do que sujeitos com DTM muscular. Estudos futuros são necessários para investigar a relação entre a sintomatologia auditiva e os diversos tipos de DTM.

Relationship between temporomandibular disorders and orthodontic treatment: a literature review

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to review the most recent studies from the last 15 years, in search of clinical studies that report the relationship between TMD and orthodontic treatment and/or malocclusion. Our intention was to determine whether orthodontic treatment would increase the incidence of signs and symptoms of TMD, and whether orthodontic treatment would be recommended for treating or preventing signs and symptoms of TMD. METHODS: Literature reviews, editorials, letters to the editor, experimental studies in animals and short communications were excluded from this review. Were included only prospective, longitudinal, case-control or retrospective studies with a large sample and significant statistical analysis. Studies that dealt with craniofacial deformities and syndromes or orthognathic surgery treatment were also excluded, as well as those that reported only the association between malocclusion and TMD. RESULTS: There were 20 articles relating orthodontics to TMD according to the inclusion criteria. The studies that associated signs and symptoms of TMD to orthodontic treatment showed discrepant results. Some have found positive effects of orthodontic treatment on signs and symptoms of TMD, however, none showed a statistically significant difference. CONCLUSIONS: All studies cited in this literature review reported that orthodontic treatment did not provide risk to the development of signs and symptoms of TMD, regardless of the technique used for treatment, the extraction or non-extraction of premolars and the type of malocclusion previously presented by the patient. Some studies with long-term follow-up concluded that orthodontic treatment would not be preventive or a treatment option for TMD.

OBJETIVO: revisar a literatura mais atual, dos últimos 15 anos, em busca de estudos clínicos que relatem a relação entre a disfunção temporomandibular (DTM) e o tratamento ortodôntico e/ou a má oclusão. A intenção foi verificar se o tratamento ortodôntico aumentaria o aparecimento de sinais e sintomas de DTM, e se o tratamento ortodôntico seria um recurso para o tratamento ou prevenção dos sinais e sintomas de DTM. MÉTODOS: artigos dos tipos revisão de literatura, editorial, carta, estudo experimental em animais e comunicação foram excluídos dessa revisão. Foram incluídos artigos prospectivos, longitudinais, caso-controle ou retrospectivo com amostra maior, com relevante análise estatística. Estudos que abordassem deformidades e síndromes craniofaciais e tratamento por cirurgia ortognática também foram excluídos, bem como aqueles que relatassem apenas a associação entre má oclusão e DTM. RESULTADOS: foram encontrados 20 artigos relacionando Ortodontia à DTM, segundo os critérios adotados. Os estudos, então, associando sinais e sintomas de DTM ao tratamento ortodôntico apresentaram resultados heterogêneos. Alguns encontraram efeitos positivos do tratamento ortodôntico para os sinais e sintomas de DTM; entretanto, nenhum deles apresentou diferença estatisticamente significativa. CONCLUSÕES: todos os estudos citados nessa revisão de literatura relataram que o tratamento ortodôntico não forneceu risco ao desenvolvimento de sinais e sintomas de DTM, independentemente da técnica utilizada para tratamento, da exodontia ou não de pré-molares e do tipo de má oclusão previamente apresentada pelo paciente. Alguns estudos realizados com acompanhamento em longo prazo concluíram que o tratamento ortodôntico não seria preventivo ou uma modalidade de tratamento para DTM.

Influencia de la alimentación y deglución en la maloclusión dentaria en niños y adolescentes con parálisis cerebral que asisten a centros especializados, Lima 2012 / Influence of feeding and deglutition in malocclusion in children and adolescents with cerebral palsy attending in specialized centers, Lima 2012

Los estudios evidencian que el trastorno más frecuente de la discapacidad motora en la edad pediátrica y principal motivo de discapacidad física grave del grupo motor es la parálisis cerebral (PC). El objetivo de la presente investigación, fue determinar si la alimentación y la deglución ejercen influencia sobre la maloclusión dentaria en niños y adolescentes con parálisis cerebral. La investigación es de tipo observacional (clínica), analítica y transversal, la muestra lo constituyeron 171 casos, fueron niños y adolescentes con Parálisis Cerebral (PC), de 6-19 años, que asistieron a los centros especializados de referencia nacional, el Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación - "Adriana Rebaza Flores" y el Hogar Clínica San Juan de Dios durante el periodo de un año. El instrumento tuvo dos partes, una ficha de evaluación clínica y la encuesta, que fue por juicio de expertos validada, para llevar a cabo el trabajo se efectuó dos pruebas pilotos, para centrar el tema y ajustarlo hacia los objetivos. Los resultados obtenidos mostraron que la alimentación (p: 0,029) y deglución (0,036) influyen en la maloclusión dentaria (MD). Respecto a su alimentación, la tasa más alta lo registró la alimentación regular (104 casos) obteniéndose un 76,0 por ciento con MD, seguido de la alimentación buena (49 casos) registrando un 63,3 por ciento con MD y por último se evidenció a la alimentación mala (18 casos); asimismo al realizar la regresión logística con las variables alimentación y deglución, se observó que sólo la alimentación mala estuvo asociada a la MD con un Odds rate de 8,7 (p: 0,044). Por otro lado, se registró relación entre la alimentación y el índice de maloclusiones (IMO) evidenciando mayoritariamente una alimentación regular, observando principalmente un IMO leve con el 51,9 por ciento; la alimentación buena, obtuvo un IMO leve con un 71,4 por ciento y la alimentación mala mostró principalmente un IMO moderado a severo, con un 83,3 por ciento (p: 0,001). Se...

Studies show that the most common disorder of motor disability in children is the cerebral palsy (CP). The objective of this study was to determine if swallowing food influence the dental malocclusion in children and teenagers with cerebral palsy. The research is observational (clinical), analytical and cross, the sample was 171, were children and teenagers with cerebral palsy (CP), of 6-19 age, who attended the national reference centers, the Institute National Rehabilitation "Adriana Rebaza Flores" and Home Clinic San Juan de Dios during the period of one year. The instrument had two parts, a clinical evaluation form and the survey, validated by expert judgment (7), to carry out the work was conducted two pilot tests for the subject and adjust focus toward the objectives. The results showed that feeding (p: 0.029) and swallowing (0.036) influence dental malocclusion. Regarding food, the highest rate recorded at regular feeding (104 cases) 76.0 per cent obtained with MD, followed by good food (49 cases) recorded 63.3 per cent with MD and finally became clear to bad food (18 cases), also to perform logistic regression with feeding and swallowing variables, showed that only bad food to the MD was associated with an OR of 8.7 (p: 0.044). On the other hand, registered relationship between diet and malocclusion index (IMO) showing regular feeding mostly observing primarily a slight IMO with 51.9 per cent, good food, obtained a slight IMO with 71.4 per cent and bad food IMO showed mostly a moderate to severe, with 83.3 per cent (p: 0.001). There was a relationship between swallowing and malocclusion index (IMO), showing mostly a reverse swallowing, which was mainly a mild IMO 51.4 per cent with normal swallowing and an IMO obtained mainly mild in 69, 6 per cent (p: 0.007). A relationship between swallowing and overjet (OJ), showing mostly a reverse swallow, which is evident in the NR category with 40.5 per cent and OJ risen 35.8 per cent (p: 0.048).

Clinical status of permanent first molars in children aged seven to ten years in a Brazilian rural community

Aim: To evaluate the clinical status of permanent first molars and associations with dental caries, gingival bleeding, dental fluorosis and malocclusion. Methods: An observational study wascarried out in a rural community denominated Morro do Saboó in the city of São Roque, state of São Paulo, Brazil. A total of 194 children aged seven to ten years were examined for dental caries using the index proposed by the World Health Organization. Other conditions were determined using the Gingival Alterations Index, Dean’s Index and Dental Aesthetic Index. The chi-squared test was used for the statistical analysis of the data. Results: A total of 85.5% of the sample exhibited gingival bleeding and 69.9% exhibited malocclusion. A total of 53.6% had a clinical aspect of normality with regard to dental fluorosis. There was a predominance of sound teeth in the upper arch and teeth with carious lesions in the lower arch. No significant differences were found between sexes regarding gingival bleeding, dental fluorosis or malocclusion. Significant associations were found between tooth status and oral alterations (gingival bleeding, malocclusion and fluorosis) in teeth 16, 26 and 46 and between tooth status and gingival bleeding in tooth 36 (p<0.001). Conclusions: Caries activity in the permanent first molars was mainly associated with dental fluorosis and malocclusion. Strategies aimed at health promotion should be adopted on a large scale to minimize the prevalence of oral diseases.

Estudo das alterações craniofaciais e da importância da expansão rápida da maxila após adenotonsilectomia / Study of craniofacial alterations and of the importance of the rapid maxillary expansion after tonsillectomy

A hipertrofia obstrutiva das tonsilas palatinas e faríngeas está associada à respiração oral e pode levar a desequilíbrios faciais. A adenotonsilectomia parece ser insuficiente para o tratamento quando ocorreram alterações anatômicas. Técnicas ortopédicas faciais auxiliam no restabelecimento morfofuncional. Estudo clínico longitudinal prospectivo objetivou observar alterações craniofaciais após adenotonsilectomia e verificar a importância de associar ortopedia ao tratamento. MATERIAL E MÉTODO: Cinquenta e três crianças de ambos os gêneros, entre 6 e 12 anos, divididas em: Grupo 1, 20 crianças com respiração nasal; Grupo 2, 33 crianças com hipertrofia obstrutiva das tonsilas faríngeas e/ou palatinas, submetidas à adenotonsilectomia. Após a cirurgia, este grupo foi subdividido: Grupo 2A, 16 pacientes não tratados com expansão rápida da maxila; Grupo 2B, 17 pacientes tratados com disjunção maxilar. Foram realizadas medidas cefalométricas em norma frontal e lateral anteriores à cirurgia e após 14 meses. Foram utilizados os testes Kruskal-Wallis e Wilcoxon, com nível de significância de 5%. RESULTADOS: A adenotonsilectomia equilibrou o crescimento transversal, sagital e vertical em ambos os grupos, sendo mais efetiva no grupo submetido ao tratamento combinado. CONCLUSÕES: A adenotonsilectomia favoreceu o crescimento facial das crianças com hipertrofia obstrutiva, sendo mais evidente quando associada à expansão maxilar.

Obstructive hypertrophy of the tonsils and/or adenoids is associated with mouth breathing and can lead to facial imbalances. Adenotonsillectomy is not enough to treat the anatomic changes. Facial orthopedic techniques aid in morphological and functional recovery. This prospective longitudinal clinical study aimed to observe craniofacial changes after adenotonsillectomy and to verify the importance of linking rapid maxillary expansion to treatment. METHOD: Fifty-three children of both genders, aged 6 to 12 years, were allocated to: Group 1, 20 children with nasal breathing; and group 2, 33 children with obstructive hypertrophy of pharyngeal and/or palate undergoing adenotonsillectomy. After surgery, this group was subdivided into Group 2A, 16 patients not treated with rapid maxillary expansion; and Group 2B, 17 patients treated with maxillary rapid expansion. Frontal and lateral cephalometric measurements were made prior to surgery and after 14 months. Statistical analysis used the Kruskal-Wallis and Wilcoxon tests - significance level of 5%. RESULTS: Adenotonsillectomy balanced transversal, sagittal and vertical growth in both groups, and was more effective in the group undergoing combined treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Adenotonsillectomy improved the facial growth of children with obstructive hypertrophy, which was more evident when associated with rapid maxillary expansion.

Influencia del sobrepase y la incompetencia bilabial como factores predisponentes de traumatismos dentoalveolares / Influence of overpass and the bilabial incompetence like predisposing factors of dentoalveolar traumata

En un 95 por ciento de los casos que presentan vestibuloversión de incisivos superiores con incompetencia bilabial, originada fundamentalmente por hábitos bucales deformantes, está presente el traumatismo dentoalveolar. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal sobre los traumatismos dentoalveolares en un grupo de pacientes de edades comprendidas entre 0 y 15 años, durante los meses de enero a diciembre del año 2009, en el Policlínico Universitario Antonio Pulido Humarán, La Habana, Cuba. El propósito fue relacionar el sobrepase dentario anterior y la competencia labial con los traumatismos dentoalveolares. La información se obtuvo a través del interrogatorio y por el método de la observación, mediante los exámenes clínico y radiográfico. Se encontró que la mayor presencia de traumatismos dentales estuvo en los pacientes afectados por maloclusiones (76,8 por ciento), y dentro de ellas se encontró un sobrepase de un tercio de la corona en 47,2 por ciento de los pacientes. El trauma de mayor aparición fue la fractura coronaria no complicada (46,6 por ciento). En cuanto a la relación bilabial se observó el predominio de la incompetencia labial en pacientes con traumas dentarios portadores de maloclusiones. Los dientes más afectados fueron los incisivos centrales superiores(AU)

In the 95 percent of cases presenting vestibuloversion of upper incisors with bilabial incompetence provoked mainly due to deforming oral habits, it is present the dentoalveolar trauma. To relate the anterior dental overpass, the labial incompetence according to the tooth involved as well as to assess the potential relation between the types of dentoalveolar traumata suffered, according the dental overpass and the bilabial relation, a cross-sectional and descriptive study was conducted on the dentoalveolar traumata in a group of patient aged between 1 and 15 from January to December, 2009 in the Antonio Pulido Humarán University Polyclinic, La Habana, Cuba. Information was gathered by questioning and by observational method by clinical and radiographic examinations. In study was evidenced that the great representation of dental traumata was in the patients involved by malocclusions for a 76.8 percent including a overpass of a third of crown in the 47.2 percent of patients. The more frequent trauma was the coronary fracture non-complicated in the 46.6 percent. In the bilabial relation there was predominance of bilabial incompetence (53.6 percent) in patients presenting with traumata with malocclusion. The teeth more involved were the central upper incisors(AU)

Traumas dentoalveolares relacionados con maloclusiones en menores de 15 años / Dentoalveolar traumata related to malocclusions in children aged under 15

Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal, sobre los traumatismos dentoalveolares en un grupo de pacientes de edades comprendidas entre 0 a 15 años de edad, en el periodo de los meses de enero a diciembre del año 2009, en el Policlínico Universitario Antonio Pulido Humarán, del municipio La Lisa, de La Habana, Cuba. El estudio fue realizado con el propósito de caracterizar los traumatismos dentoalveolares relacionados con maloclusión dentaria. La información se obtuvo por el método de observación mediante el examen clínico, a través del interrogatorio y examen radiográfico, durante un año. La muestra estuvo constituida por 125 pacientes a los que se les diagnosticó al menos, uno de los tipos de traumatismos dentoalveolares. Se seleccionó un individuo control que no tuviera fractura por cada caso del estudio, para determinar la relación del traumatismo con la maloclusión. Se observó que la mayor presencia de traumatismos dentales estuvo en los pacientes afectados por maloclusión, para un 76,8 por ciento. La estimación del riesgo para los traumas con maloclusión fue de 6,78 veces mayor, con resultado muy significativo del X², hubo diferencias significativas entre los grupos de edades, pero no en el sexo(AU)

A cross-sectional and descriptive study was conducted on dentoalveolar traumata in a group of patients aged from 0 to 15 during January to December, 2009 in the Antonio Pulido Humarán University polyclinic to characterize the dentoalveolar traumata due to dental malocclusion. Information was obtained by observation method, by clinical examination through a questioning and radiographic examination over a year. Sample included 125 patients diagnosed at least with one of the dentoalveolar traumata, selecting a control group with presence of fracture and the same age that the case. The greatest presence of dental traumata was those affected by malocclusion for 76,67 percent and the more frequent trauma was the coronary fracture for 49,97 percent specially that no complicated of the crown for a 33,3 percent. We conclude that in occurrence of dentoalveolar traumata the presence of dental malocclusion was marked(AU)

Hiperplasia fibrosa inflamatoria: reporte de un caso / Inflammatory fibrous hyperplasia: case report

Introducción: La Hiperplasia Fibrosa Inflamatoria es una alteración caracterizada por un agrandamiento del tejido conectivo; se considera una lesión reactiva ya que se presenta como respuesta a una irritante crónico local; es una lesión común en pacientes adolescentes y de edad adulta debido a que su etiología principal se asocia a maloclusión, al uso de aparatología protésica u ortodóntica mal ajustada, así como a la presencia de biofilm. Sin embargo, la población infantil, principalmente en dentición mixta, no está exenta de presentar esta alteración, aunque en menor proporción. Objetivo: Presentar el caso clínico de un paciente en dentición mixta que presenta una Hiperplasia Fibrosa Inflamatoria con el fin de presentar las características clínicas e histopatológicas de la lesión, enfatizando la importancia de un temprano y correcto diagnóstico. Presentación del Caso: Paciente masculino de 8 años de edad que se presenta a la clínica por presentar lesiones cariosas y malposición dental. A la exploración se observa un agrandamiento gingival localizado, en el órgano dentario 41. Se decide tomar una biopsia de la lesión para establecer el diagnóstico. Conclusión: Debido a que existen varias lesiones con características clínicas muy similares a las que presentaba el paciente, es necesario conocer los diagnósticos diferenciales, así como realizar el diagnóstico temprano de la lesión para poder llevar a cabo un tratamiento eficaz y adecuado.

Introduction: The Inflammatory Fibrous Hyperplasia (IFH) is a disorder consisting in a connective tissue overgrowth; it is considered a reactive lesion because it appears in response to a chronic and local irritant; this is a very common oral lesion in adolescents and adults, its etiology is associated with dental malocclusion, use of over-extended prosthetic and orthodontic appliances, and with the presence of biofilm (plaque). Nevertheless, child population, mainly patients in mixed dentition, are not exempt from presenting this lesion, in a lower proportion, though. Objective: The aim of this case report is to present the clinical case of a patient in mixed dentition, who displays an Inflammatory Fibrous Hyperplasia, with the purpose of showing the clinical and histopathological features of this lesion, emphasizing the importance of an early and correct diagnosis. Case Report: A 8 year-old male patient, was referred to the Pediatric Dentistry Clinic of the Division of Post-graduate studies and Research, of the School of Dentistry, UNAM, for showing decay lesions and dental malposition. Clinical examination revealed a localized gingival over-growth associated to the teeth 41. It was decided to take a biopsy of the lesion to establish the final diagnosis. Conclusion: Because there are numerous lesions with pretty similar clinical features to the ones the patient presented, it is imperative and essential to know the differential diagnosis of this lesion, and to achieve an early diagnosis to accomplish an effective and appropriate treatment.

Mordida cruzada posterior, corrección y consideraciones: caso clínico con 7 años de seguimiento / Posterior crossbite correction and considerations: case report with 7 years of follow-

El tratamiento precoz de la mordida cruzada posterior unilateral funcional durante la dentición mixta es extremadamente importante para la Ortodoncia contemporánea porque provee un correcto posicionamiento de las bases óseas, dientes y de la articulación temporomandibular cuando el sistema estomatognático está en pleno crecimiento y desarrollo. Estos resultados generalmente producen una adecuada relación Craneofacial, reduciendo la necesidad de tratamientos cada vez más complejos en la dentición permanente. El propósito de este artículo fue presentar el caso de un niño que a los 8 años de edad fue diagnosticado, mordida cruzada posterior unilateral funcional, tratado por medio de un expansor fijo tipo Quad-helix donde enfatizamos la estabilidad a largo plazo. La maloclusión fue corregida en tres meses de uso activo del Quad-helix, tres meses de contención y fue realizado un seguimiento post tratamiento por siete años. La estabilidad a largo plazo del tratamiento de la mordida cruzada posterior unilateral funcional está íntimamente relacionada con el diagnostico precoz, la eliminación del factor etiológico asociado con la correcta aparatología y la mecánica de tratamiento

Early treatment of functional unilateral posterior crossbite during the mixed dentition is extremely important for contemporary Orthodontics, provides the correct positioning of osseous bases, teeth and temporomadibular joint when the stomatognathic system is in growth and development. These results generally develop into an adequate craniofacial relationship, reducing the necessity for more complex treatments at permanent dentition. The subject of this paper was to report patient 8 years old, diagnosed with functional unilateral posterior crossbite, and was treated by an expander appliance type Quad-helix emphasizing the long-term stability. The malocclusion was corrected in 3 months of active use of the appliance, 3 months for retention purposes and followed up during 7 years post-treatment. The stability in long term of functional unilateral posterior crossbite treated is closely related with early diagnostic, the elimination of the etiological factor associated with a correct appliance and the mechanic of treatment